第一部分：英语议论文核心结构与写作步骤

一篇优秀的英语议论文通常遵循一个清晰的结构，即 “五段式” (Five-Paragraph Essay)，这个结构虽然经典，但灵活运用可以写出更长、更复杂的文章。

核心结构

1. 引言段

   • 功能：吸引读者，引出话题,并明确提出你的中心论点。
   • 构成：
     • “钩子” (Hook)：文章的第一句话，用于吸引读者兴趣，可以是问题、一个惊人的事实、一句名言或一个普遍现象的描述。
     • 背景信息：简要介绍话题背景,让读者了解讨论的语境。
     • 中心论点：文章的灵魂，清晰、明确地陈述你的立场,通常放在引言段的最后一句。

2. 主体段

   • 功能：用具体的论据和例子来支持和证明你的中心论点，一篇标准的议论文通常有2-3个主体段。
   • 构成：每个主体段都应该是一个独立的“迷你文章”，遵循 “PEA” 或 “TEA” 结构：
     • T - Topic Sentence (主题句)：段落的第一句话,清晰地表达本段的分论点。
     • E - Evidence/Example (论据/例子)：提供具体的事实、数据、研究、个人经历或专家观点来支持主题句。
     • A - Analysis (分析)：解释你的例子如何支持你的论点，并将其与你的中心论点联系起来。这是最关键的一步，只摆例子不分析是议写作的大忌。

3. 结论段

   • 功能：总结全文，重申论点,并给读者留下深刻印象。
   • 构成：
     • 重申中心论点：用不同的措辞再次强调你的主要观点。
     • 总结分论点：简要回顾主体段中提到的几个主要论据。
     • concluding statement (总结性陈述)：提出一个最终的思考、建议、预测或警告，升华主题,让文章余味悠长。

写作步骤

1. 审题与头脑风暴：仔细阅读题目，确定你需要讨论的话题和你的立场，在草稿纸上快速写下所有相关的想法、例子和论据。
2. 确定论点：从头脑风暴的内容中，提炼出一个清晰、具体、有争议的中心论点，一个好的论点通常是“可辩论的”,而不是一个显而易见的事实。
3. 列出大纲：根据你的论点，规划好引言、主体和结论的内容，为每个主体段确定一个分论点,并想好支持它的例子。
4. 撰写初稿：按照大纲，一气呵成地写出文章，不要过分担心语法或词汇的完美,重点是把想法表达清楚。
5. 修改与润色：这是提升文章质量的关键一步。
   • 论点是否清晰？论据是否充分？分析是否到位？
   • 结构：段落之间的过渡是否自然？逻辑是否连贯？
   • 语言：检查语法错误、拼写错误，替换重复的词汇，使用更高级、更精确的句式和词汇。
6. 校对：最后通读一遍,检查任何细微的错误。

第二部分：高分技巧

• 使用多样化的句式：避免全文都是简单句，交替使用简单句、复合句和复杂句，可以适当使用倒装句、强调句等。
• 使用高级词汇和过渡词：
  • 过渡词：让文章逻辑更清晰。
    • 表递进：Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, Not only... but also...
    • 表转折：However, Nevertheless, On the contrary, While
    • 表因果：Therefore, Thus, Consequently, As a result
    • 表举例：For instance, For example, Such as
    • 表总结：In conclusion, To sum up, In summary
  • 高级词汇：用 advocate 代替 support，用 detrimental 代替 bad，用 essential 代替 important。
• 保持客观与正式的语调：使用第三人称，避免使用 I think, I believe 等过于主观的表达，可以改为 It is believed that..., This essay argues that...。
• 充分论证：“观点+解释+例子” 的黄金法则,一个好的例子胜过十个空洞的口号。

第三部分：范文示例

以下我们以一个经典题目为例，展示三个不同水平的范文。 ** Some people think that the government should invest more money in public services (such as healthcare and education) rather than in the arts (such as music and painting). To what extent do you agree or disagree?

高分版 (Band 8-9)

This essay will argue that while public services are undeniably the cornerstone of a functional society, a balanced investment in the arts is equally crucial for fostering a nation's cultural and social well-being.

The primary justification for prioritizing public services lies in their direct and immediate impact on the population's quality of life. Healthcare and education form the bedrock of a stable and productive society. Accessible and high-quality healthcare ensures a healthy workforce, reducing economic burdens associated with illness. Similarly, a well-funded education system equips citizens with the necessary skills to contribute to the economy and participate actively in civic life. For instance, a nation with a robust public healthcare system can manage pandemics more effectively, as demonstrated by many countries during the COVID-19 crisis, thereby saving countless lives and maintaining social order. Without this foundation, any discussion of national progress becomes moot.

However, to dismiss the arts as a mere luxury is to overlook their profound and multifaceted benefits. Firstly, the arts are a powerful vehicle for cultural preservation and expression. They serve as a bridge to the past, allowing societies to understand their history, values, and identity. Museums, theaters, and public art installations not only attract tourism but also foster a sense of community and shared pride among citizens. Secondly, engagement with the arts has been scientifically proven to enhance mental health and cognitive development. Programs integrating music and painting into school curricula have shown to improve students' creativity, discipline, and emotional intelligence. Therefore, defunding the arts would mean impoverishing our collective spirit and stifling a vital aspect of human development.

In conclusion, although the government's primary responsibility is to ensure the well-being of its citizens through essential public services, completely neglecting the arts would be a grave mistake. A truly advanced and harmonious society is one that not only functions efficiently but also thrives culturally. Thus, the optimal approach is not to choose one over the other, but to allocate resources wisely to ensure both the material and spiritual needs of the populace are met.

标准版 (Band 6-7)

It is often argued that governments should spend more on public services like healthcare and education instead of on the arts. I agree that public services are very important, but I believe that a balance is needed, and the arts should also receive funding.

Public services such as healthcare and education are fundamental for any country. Good healthcare systems help people stay healthy and treat them when they are sick. This means people can work and contribute to the economy. Similarly, a good education system teaches people the skills they need for jobs and to be good citizens. For example, if a country has a good hospital system, people do not have to worry about expensive medical bills, and the whole society is healthier. Because of this, governments must invest heavily in these areas.

On the other hand, the arts also play an important role in society. They are a way for people to express their culture and creativity. Museums, music, and paintings can make people's lives more enjoyable and interesting. Art can also help people relax and reduce stress. For children, learning art in school can help them become more creative. Therefore, cutting all funding for the arts would make society less colorful and could harm our cultural heritage.

In conclusion, while I agree that governments should focus on public services because they are essential for people's daily lives, I disagree that they should stop funding the arts completely. Both are important for a good society. The government should find a way to support both public services and the arts.

问题分析版 (常见错误示例)

Nowadays, people have different opinions about government spending. Some think public services are more important than the arts. I think this is right.

First, healthcare and education are very important. Everyone needs to see a doctor when they are sick. If the government does not build hospitals, people will die. Also, children need to go to school to learn. Without school, they will be stupid. For example, in my country, we have many good hospitals because the government spends money on them. This is good.

The